Great Books #8: The Poetry of Empire

You cannot love and be pious at the same... And piety is ultimately the main centralizing force of the universe. If you are pious, if you obey the gods, then the world will be right because the gods have a divine plan for the world. And in the case of the Aeneid, it is the founding of the empire of Rome, which is Aeneas's mission and purpose. And so, our role, our responsibility, our duty in life is just to follow this... of the gods. And then the world will be... The Aeneid will create the Roman Empire, which will then become the Catholic... And the Catholic Church will rule for over a thousand years, okay?

The... And during this thousand years, it is a time of conformity, of stagnation. And it is because in this time, what is often referred to as the Dark Ages, Virgil becomes the god of the Catholic Church, the central organizing force. Why? Because children, sorry, every child of the elite memorizes the Aeneid. And so, every child perceives the world through the lens of the Aeneid. And so, what happened is to destroy this empire, a man will emerge to liberate the human imagination. And his name, of course, is Dante. And Dante will destroy the Roman Empire and the Catholic Church with his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy.

We will spend the rest of the semester reading The Divine Comedy. This is not something you can read by yourself. There's actually no point. You know, if I just give it to you and say, "Go read it." It will make no sense to you. We have to go through line by line, word by word for you to understand The Divine Comedy. Because not only is it poetry, but... And what poetry will tell you is that a poem is a truth told with as few beautiful words as possible. So, it could just be a few lines, but it could take you a lifetime before you understand the true meaning of these lines.

And that is what The Divine Comedy is. It's an epic poem, but each paragraph, each sentence, each line is a truth, an eternal truth unto itself, okay? So, we'll read The Divine Comedy line by line and we'll try to really understand it. But again, the point of this class is not to tell you what the great books are. The entire point of the class is to get you excited about entering the journey that is great books. That will take your entire lifetime, okay? It will take your entire lifetime to appreciate the genius of these great books.

And this class is meant to be a starting point, okay? So, do not think at the end of this class, "Oh, I've read Homer. I've read Virgil. I've read Dante, so I know the great books." No, okay? This is just the beginning. All right. So, where we are in the story of the Aeneid is that Aeneas gets shipwrecked and he becomes a guest of Dido, the queen of Carthage. And the two fall in love. Dido falls in love with the fact that Aeneas is not just a great warrior and very handsome, but also because he's a great storyteller.

He tells her the story of the fall of Troy. And the two fall in love. And Dido has this burning passion for Aeneas. And the gods basically, Juno wants to thwart the possibility of the rise of the Roman Empire. And so, she conspires to have Dido and Aeneas consummate their passion for each other. And then they get married. But then Jove, the king of the gods, finds out about this and says, "No, no, no. This is not part of the plan. Aeneas is not supposed to fall in love with Dido, stay in Carthage, and build the Carthaginian Empire.

He's supposed to go to Rome." So, he sends Mercury, the messenger of the gods, down to Aeneas and tells him, "Hey, man, what are you doing? This is not your duty. Do your duty," okay? So, this is where we are in the story, okay?

Who will inherit the legacy. You want to go on? You owe him Italy's realm, the land of... These orders still on his lips, the god vanished from sight into empty air. Then Aeneas was truly overwhelmed by the vision, stunned, his hackles bristle with fear, his voice chokes in his... He yearns to be gone, to desert this land he loves, thunderstruck by the warnings, Jupiter's... But what can he do? What can he dare say now to the queen in all her fury and win her over? Where to begin? What... Thoughts racing here, there, probing his options, turning to this plan, that plan, torn in two until at his wit's end, this answer seems the best.

Okay. So, again, Virgil is the anti-Homer. And what I mean by that is that if Homer were writing this, then what Homer would emphasize is how emotionally conflicted Aeneas is because he loves Dido. He does not want to go. For Homer, love is above the gods. And what a human is is someone who aspires to love. And when we read The Divine Comedy, what we will discover is this... The reason why is because God is love, okay? And there's an aspect of God in us, a candle that strives to return to the light.

And so, we seek love. And so, for Homer, given the choice between going to Rome and founding a great empire or staying in Carthage and being with Dido, obviously, you choose Dido because that is the path to God. Right? And that's what happened in the Odyssey where Odysseus had an opportunity to stay with Calypso and live forever, but he chooses to return to Penelope. And when he returns to Penelope, Penelope asks him, "Will you ever leave me again?" And he says, "Never again will I leave you because this is my home.

Love is where my heart is." Okay? So, but what the conflict is in Aeneas is, "Okay, I want to get the hell out of here. I'm freezing with fear. What I fear most is the anger of the gods. What I must do is be loyal to the gods and heed their command. So, screw love. I don't need that. But, there's a problem, which is how do I actually tell Dido, all right?" That's a conflict. Not should I leave Dido, but like how do I get out of here without her bitching at me?

All right? And so, what does he decide to do? "I won't tell her. Yeah, that's it. I'll pretend this didn't happen, and then at night I will just sneak away, and then, well, who cares what happens afterwards." All right? So, the thing to notice is this is not human, okay? There's nothing human about Aeneas. What he is is he's a walking phallus almost.

He's like James Bond now, you know? He goes around, does his mission, sleeps with a lot of girls, and then runs... All right? Let us continue. Ivory? He summons Mnestheus, Sergestus, Cloanthus, Serestus, gives them orders. Fit out the fleet, but not a word. Muster the crews on shore, all tackle set to sail, but the cause for our new course, you keep it secret. Yet, he himself, since Dido, who means the world to him, knows nothing, never dreaming such a powerful love could be uprooted. He will try to approach her, find a moment to break the news gently, a way to soften the blow that he must... All shipmates snap to commands, glad to do his orders.

True, but the queen who can delude a lover, soon caught wind of a plot afoot. The first to sense the Trojans are on the move. She fears everything now, even with all secure. Rumor, vicious as ever, brings her word, already distraught, that Trojans Sorry.

That's Apollo. Then you have Bacchus, who's the god of emotional, rapturous creativity, where you get drunk, you have a lot of sex, and then you express yourself. And for the Greeks, these are two aspects of creativity that you both need in order to fully achieve your human potential. Yes, you need to be engaged in meditation and rational analysis, but you also need to fully explore the possibilities of your emotions, to just let go, to be crazy, be in a frenzy, okay? And what Virgil is saying is that the Bacchus aspect is actually the worst type of emotion, because it leads you into madness, okay?

All right. Keep reading, Ivory. Alas, you sailed, Aeneas, before he said a word. So, you traitor, you really believed you'd keep this a secret, this great outrage? Steal away in silence from my shores. Can nothing hold you back? Not our love, not the pledge once sealed with our right hands, not even the thought of Dido doomed to a cruel death.

Penelope basically says to Odysseus, convince me that you actually know my husband. And Odysseus says, well, because of this ornament that Penelope gave to Odysseus, right? And that ornament, of course, is the pledge sealed with their love for each other. And this pledge, this memory, this bond is what carries them for eternity, so that even though they are a great distance from each other, their hearts are still conjoined together. And so, what Dido says is, does this pledge mean nothing to you, Aeneas? And Aeneas, of course, is like it's a word, it's nothing.

All right? What matters is your oath to the gods. What matters is your loyalty to the gods. All right. Keep reading, Ivory. Why labor to rig your fleet when the winter's raw, to risk the deep wind, the north wind's closing in? You cruel, heartless, even if you were not pursuing alien fields and unknown homes, even if ancient Troy were still standing, still, who'd sail for Troy across such heaving seas? You're running away from me. Oh, I pray you by these tears, by the faith in your right hand.

What else have I left myself in all my pain? By our wedding vows, the marriage we began, if I deserve some decency from you now, if anything mine has ever won your heart, pity a great house about to fall. I pray you, if prayers have any place, reject this scheme of yours. Thanks to you, the African tribes, Numidian warlords hate me. Even my own Tyrians rise against me. Thanks to you, my sense of honor is gone, my one and only pathway to the stars, the renown I once held dear.

In whose hands, my guest, do you leave me here to meet my death? All right. Okay. So, two things to remember, okay? The first thing is that in the Odyssey, the journey, where it ends, the destination, is towards home, to be with Penelope again, to be a family again, okay? And that is the end of this epic. But, in the Aeneid, it's reverse, where you start off with a relationship with love. And then you have to abandon love in order to go on this epic journey to found the empire of Rome, okay?

So, you see how it's inverse now. In the Odyssey, the entire purpose of your life is to return home and to be in love, to fall in love, okay? But, in the Aeneid, love is what you have to abandon in order to fully fulfill your destiny, okay? That's number one. Number two is Dido is saying, thanks to you, I've lost everything, okay? So, love, my love for you, means I have to abandon my pride, my reputation, my own people. Without love... Oh, sorry. Because of my love for you, I've become nothing, okay?

And this inverts the inversion of what happened in the Odyssey, where because Odysseus sought glory and fame in war, he became traumatized with PTSD. He saw the horrors of war, where innocent people, innocent families were destroyed because of war, and that traumatized him. And what allowed him to resurrect himself, what allowed him to escape his trauma and rebuild his sense of identity is going home and finding love again. And this love is able to resurrect his worldview and give him the courage and the power to fight on, okay? So, this is the opposite message of the Odyssey, okay?

All right. So, now, okay? So, Dido is saying to Aeneas, you're abandoning me. You tricked me. I fell in love with you, and now you're abandoning me. And this is Aeneas' response. And the human thing to do would be to show pity, right? And say to Dido, Dido, I'm really sorry for what... let's go together. Or maybe, Dido, I'll come back for you, okay? Instead, he says the worst thing possible. All right. Can you read it? Guest, that's all that remains of husband now. But why do I linger on until my brother Pygmalion batters down my walls or I am carried off a slave?

If only you'd left a baby in my arms, our child before you deserted me. Some little Aeneas playing about our halls whose features at least would bring you back to me in spite of all. I would not feel so totally devastated, so... The queen stopped, but he, warned by Jupiter now, his gaze held steady, fought to master the torment in his... At last he ventured In his heart is not sadness, but anger, okay?

Okay, so what he's saying is we did not have a marriage pact, okay? We're not married. This is not true. They consummate their relationship and everyone witnesses it, so they are married. But he's saying, "We're not really married." Keep on. If the fates had let me free to live my life, to arrange my own affairs with my own free will, Troy is the city, first of all, that I'd safeguard. Troy and all that's left of my people whom I cherish. The grand palace of Priam would stand once more.

With my own hands I would fortify a second Troy to house my Trojans in defeat. But not now. Grynean Apollo's oracle says that I must seize on Italy's noble land whose listening lots say, "Italy." There lies my love, there lies my homeland now. If you, a Phoenician, fix your eyes on Carthage, a Libyan stronghold, tell me, why do you grudge the Trojans their new homes on Italian... What is the crime if we seek far-off kingdoms, too? All right, so what he's saying is this.

If it were up to me, I would say we'd do either, okay? If it were up to me, I would be back in Troy, fighting and dying for what I truly love, which is the city of Troy. Now that I've lost Troy, I must build an empire. You have your own empire, Carthage. Why stop me from building my own empire in Italy? Okay, so what matters is not love, what matters is power.

That's why we live, that's why we exist, to seek more power. Love gets in the way and therefore love must be discarded. You, Dido, I do love you, but you're in my way, therefore get out of my way. All right.

All right, so now Dido is distraught. She fell in love with Aeneas and broke her vow to her former husband, Sychaeus. And [snorts] now she knows her people don't respect her anymore and she knows that the neighboring... have contempt for her and they might even attack her because previously she rebuffed their advances, so they feel... but at the same time, she's still desperately in love with Aeneas. And she knows she cannot stop him from leaving for Italy. And so she decides eventually that her only solution is suicide.

But she has a sister, Anna, who'll keep watch over her. Okay, so she develops a very elaborate ploy to kill herself. All right. Can you read, Anna? And now what shall I do? Make a mockery of myself, go back to my old suitors, tempt them to try again. Beg the Numidians, grovel, plead for a... Though time and again I scorned to... what they're like. Would then trail the Trojan ships, bend to the Trojans every last demand. So pleased are they with all the help, the relief I lent them once.

In memory of my service, past stands firm in grateful minds. And even if I were willing, would the Trojans allow me to board their proud ships, a woman they hate? Poor lost fool, can't you sense it, grasp it yet? The treachery of Laomedon's... What now? Do I take flight alone, consorting with crews of Trojan oarsmen in their triumph? Or follow them out with all my troops of Tyrians thronging the decks? Yes, hard as it was to uproot them once from Tyre, how can I force them back to sea once more, command them to spread their sails to the winds?

No, no, die. You deserve it. End your pain with the sword. You, my sister, you were the first won over by my tears to pile these sorrows on my shoulders, mad as I was, to throw me into my enemies' arms. If only I'd been free to live my life untested in marriage, free of guilt as some wild beast untouched by pains like these. I broke the faith I swore to the ashes of Sychaeus.

And now she is a complete mess. She is emotionally falling apart. She's being driven into madness. She's like, "Should I go and beg the Trojans to let me on their ship and be a slave girl?" Okay? So it is the complete fall of a queen. Okay, from a queen to essentially a slave girl. She's seriously considering being a slave girl if it just means being near Aeneas. And ultimately she decides, "No, my only option is to die," okay? All right.

Can't you see the dangers closing around you now? Madman, can't you hear the west wind rustling to speed you on? That woman spawns her plots, mulling over some desperate outrage in her heart, lashing her surging rage. She's bent on death. Why not flee headlong? Flee headlong while you can. You'll soon see the waves, a chaos of ships, lethal torches flaring, the whole coast ablaze if now a new dawn breaks and finds you still lingering on these shores. Up with you now. And not delay. Woman's a thing that's always changing, shifting like the wind.

With that he vanished into the black... All right, so Aeneas is running away, okay? And Dido has resolved to kill herself and this is her speech right before she kills herself, okay? Can you read, Anna? You, sun, whose fires scan all works of the earth, and you, Juno, the witness, midwife to my agonies, Hecate, greeted by nightly shrieks at city crossroads, and you, you avenging furies and gods of dying Dido, hear me, turn your power my way, attend my sorrows. I deserve your mercy. Hear my prayers. If that curse of the earth must reach his haven, labor on to landfall, if Jove's and the fates' command and the boundary stone is fixed, still, let him be plagued in war by a nation proud in arms, torn from his borders, wrenched from Iulus' embrace.

Let him grovel for help and watch his people die a shameful... And then, once he has bowed down to an unjust peace, may he never enjoy his realm and the light he yearns for. Never. Let him die before his day, unburied on some desolate beach. That is my prayer, my final cry. I pour it out with my own lifeblood. And you, my Tyrians, harry with hatred all his line, his race to come. Make that offering to my ashes, send it down... No love between our peoples ever, no pacts of peace.

Come rising up from my bones, you avengers still unknown, to stalk those Trojan settlers, hunt with fire and iron, now or in time to come, whenever the power is yours. Shore clash with shore, sea against sea, and sword against sword. This is my curse, war between all our peoples, all their children, endless...

Virgil is trying to explain to us why this had to happen. It had to happen because Dido put a... on Rome, and forced her people to go to war with Rome. So, it's not that Rome was vicious and savage in destroying Carthage. It was like the Carthaginians had a curse. They had a mission to avenge Dido. Okay? So, let me explain to you how this propaganda works. In Carthage's understanding of Dido, she's the founder, she's the queen of Carthage. What happened was that, you know, her husband was killed in Phoenicia, so she and some refugees sought refuge in northern Africa.

So, they founded the city of Carthage. And they worked really hard to build the city, and she was very attractive, so she won the attention of some local warlords, and they demanded her hand in marriage. And her response was to kill herself. And by killing herself, that her sacrifice emboldened her people to build a great city, but also, it won the respect of the local warlords as well. And from then on, everyone understood the Carthaginians as a free and proud people who would rather die for their liberty than become slaves. Okay?

So, that's the Carthaginian understanding of Dido. Here in the Aeneid, it is almost the reverse, where Dido's love for Aeneas becomes a poison. It poisons her soul, and it leads her to poison her people as well, and rather than give them freedom, she enslaves them into a mission to avenge her. Okay? So, it's basically inversion. All right? So, that's what the Aeneid is doing. It's inverting Homer, but it's also inverting history to serve the local purposes of Rome. All right.

All right. So, we come to the ending of the Aeneid. So, with the story of Dido, what Virgil is doing is inverting the story of the Odyssey. Now, we come to the ending of the Aeneid, and here Virgil is going to invert the story of the Iliad. Okay? Remember, recall what happened in the Iliad, where Achilles tricks Patroclus into sacrificing himself, and this allows Achilles an excuse to enter the battlefield against Hector. He kills... and he believes that this is the height, the apex of his glory.

But instead, it causes him to fall into a deep depression. It's really Priam's willingness to forgive him because of his love for Hector that... Achilles from his guilt. And the two, Achilles and Priam, cry together, and they become friends because of this. Okay? So, the Iliad is fundamentally a story of the curse of the evil power, and the ability of love to both redeem and to save. What Virgil's going to do is take the story of the Iliad and invert it, okay? So, it ends actually with an analogy to the battle between Achilles and Hector, okay?

So, in the Iliad it's between Achilles and Hector. But here, it's going to be between Aeneas and Turnus. Okay? So, what happened is that Aeneas lands in Italy, and the Latin tribes see Aeneas as a great hero, and the king there, Latinus, his daughter to Aeneas. But the wife, for whatever reason, like the women in the Aeneid are all the villains, okay? The wife, the queen, has already promised her daughter to Turnus, who is another warlord. And this, so, this starts off a war between the Trojans and Turnus, okay?

And ultimately, this leads to a final conflict, a great battle between Aeneas and Turnus, okay? So, this is the very ending of the Aeneid. Okay? Okay, can you read? I read. As he hangs back, the fatal spear of Aeneas streaks on, spotting a lucky opening he had flown from a distance, all his might and main. Rocks heaved up by a catapult pounding city ramparts never stormed so loudly. Never such a shattering bolt of thunder crashing forth. Like a black whirlwind churning on, that spear flies on with its weight of iron death to pierce the rim of the round shield with its seven plies, and right at the thick of Turnus' thigh it tore through.

It strikes home, and the blow drops great Turnus down to the ground, battered down on his bent knees. The Rutulians spring up with a groan, and the hillsides round grow back, and the tall groves far and wide resound with a long-drawn moan. Turnus lowered his eyes and reached with his right hand and begged as a suppliant. I deserve it all. No mercy, please, Turnus pleaded. Use your moment now, or if some care for a parent's grief can touch you still, I pray you, you had such a father in old Anchises, pity Turnus in his old age, and send me back to my own people.

Or if you would prefer, send them my dead body stripped of life. Here, the victor and vanquished, I stretch my hands to you, so the men in Latium can see me in defeat. Lavinia is your bride. Go no further down the road of hatred.

And I stretch my hands to you. All right? So, basically, Virgil's plagiarizing Homer. But he's plagiarizing in a way as to invert and subvert Homer. Okay? So, at this point, Aeneas is drawn to pity, right? Because his great enemy, Turnus, has submitted himself before him. So, in his heart he's like, "You know what? I've defeated him. He's been destroyed.

He's lost face. He's lost credibility. I can let him go. I've won." Okay? And that's what he wants to do. He just wants to let him... But this is the very ending, okay? This is the very ending of the Aeneid. And the ending is surprising because for many scholars, they read this, they're like, "This is not an ending. This is too abrupt." And they think like Virgil was not able to finish the Aeneid. But what I will show you is that, no, you're reading the Aeneid improperly, incorrectly, if you do not believe this is the full ending, okay?

This is in fact the ending. Okay? Can you read? I read. Aeneas, ferocious in armor, stood there, still, shifting his gaze, and held his sword arm back, holding himself back as Turnus's words began to sway him more and more. When all at once he caught sight of the faithful sword belt of Pallas swept over Turnus's shoulder, gleaming with shining studs Aeneas knew by heart.

Never. Pallas strikes this blow. Pallas sacrifices you now, makes you pay the price with your own guilty blood." [music] In the same breath, blazing with wrath, he plants his iron sword hilt deep into his enemy's heart. Turnus's limbs went limp [music] in the chill of death. His life breath had fled with a groan of outrage down to the [music] shades below. And that's it. This is the ending of the Aeneid.

And again, scholars are confused by this. Like, how could the epic end like this? It's a very long epic, 24 books, and it ends with the death of Turnus and nothing... And it's confusing because scholars and literary critics are taught that a good book has an epiphany and a catharsis, okay?

And a resolution. Basically, a character recognizes himself and changes for the better, okay? It's almost like a death and a letting go of the past. And so, scholars read this and they're completely confused. Where is the epiphany? Where's the catharsis? Where's the resolution? And the answer is because you're... the Aeneid. First and foremost, it is a work of political propaganda. So, how has Aeneas changed as a person? Well, the change is this. Previously, whenever Aeneas has a doubt, okay? Like for example, he is changing his emotions. Each time this happened previously, the gods had to intervene, right?

So, remember how Aeneas is back in Troy and he's witnessed the killing of his king Priam, and he's really angry. And then he sees... and he wants to kill Helen because he understands that Helen is the cause of all the death and destruction in Troy. And he wants to like just kill her, and then what happens? His mother, Venus, intervenes and says, "Aeneas, you must stop. There's a mission for you. Go complete your mission." And then Aeneas is like, "Fine, mother. I'll go home." And then he goes and he sees his son Iulus.

He wants to return and fight the Greeks because he doesn't... He wants to protect his city. And then Iulus, there's a sign from the gods, Iulus' hair is on fire, okay? It's an... And this tells Aeneas, "No, your son is destined for great things. You must fulfill the..." Again, when Aeneas is with Dido, he just wants to stay with Dido and build up Carthage. And so, Jupiter has to send a messenger, Mercury, to tell him, "No, Aeneas. No. Go to Italy," okay? So, each time that Aeneas went off mission or he has his own ideas, the gods had to... What makes this an epiphany, a catharsis, a resolution is the fact that here, when Aeneas wants to show mercy, when in his heart he's like, "This is a pitiful man.

It gives me no pleasure to kill him. It gives me no glory and honor to kill this pathetic man." He recognizes, "No, I must kill him because it is a duty. It is the will of the gods." Now, he has become fully pious.

And that I must abandon all pity. I must abandon all emotions. I must abandon my own soul if I am to serve the gods. He is now the perfect soldier. And that's why Virgil wrote the Aeneid because it is a piece of propaganda. It's a piece of brainwashing, indoctrination where you read it and you go on the same journey as Aeneas. And step by step, you let go of everything that makes you weak, your weakness, your desire to love someone. Leave it. Throw it out. Your pity, your sense of decency.

Get rid of it, okay? And once you do, once you have cleansed yourself of all human emotions, then you can serve the gods completely. You are now fully pious. And as such, you can now complete your mission. All right? So, that's the power of the Aeneid. You may not know what's happening, but as you memorize it, because back then the way to educate yourself was just to memorize the poetry, you became Aeneas himself, okay? You transform yourself from someone who was a human to someone who is now basically a robot.

Okay? Does that make sense? Any... Yeah? Yeah, I think it's true that like Aeneas, he didn't feel empathy towards Turnus because he killed him later. I mean I think that is still because like he loved Pallas, his friend, who was killed by Turnus. So, that's also kind of feeling, right? That's an emotion that contributes to Turnus's death. So, isn't that different from what you said about maybe Aeneas being a robot and fulfilling his... Okay, yeah. All right, that's a good point, okay?

So, your point is, well, Aeneas loves his friend Pallas. And as a result, it's his love for Pallas that drives Aeneas to kill Turnus, right? That's fine. That makes sense, but go back to the Iliad, right? Where Achilles is saddened and angered by the death of Patroclus. And he kills Hector, right? But then what happens? He falls into a deep depression because in his heart he recognizes that you don't avenge someone you love by killing someone.

That's not how the universe works. If you truly love someone, you don't turn the memory of that person into hatred and violence. You celebrate the person's life by being open and generous with others, okay? And this is something that Dante will explain. This is a very hard idea to understand, okay? But if you truly love someone, love means that you cannot do something evil. Love is pure good. If you do something evil, it means you actually don't love that person, okay? Does that make sense to you? If you truly love Pallas as a person, you would not use him as an excuse to kill someone.

All right? Same thing with the Iliad where Achilles thought he loved Patroclus, but he was actually using Patroclus as an excuse to kill Hector. And in his heart he knows that. All right? This is really confusing to understand, but when we read the Divine Comedy, it will make sense to... All right? Okay? All right, any more questions, guys?

Yeah, so that's a great question, and it shows you how basically, in this world, this is a world of anti-love. You've been receiving an education in utility, obedience, compliance.

But what you have not received is an education in love. What is love? How do we know we're in love? What draws us to love? Okay, and that's what the great books are about. The great books, if you read Homer and Dante, they really think deeply about what love is. Because in love is where God is. All right? Okay? So again, by asking this question, what you're really doing is revealing the sort of education you've received. When you're... mind, you think that what is right is one of utility and one of compliance.

If Achilles, my best friend, died, then I need to seek vengeance against the person who killed him. I know it's hard to understand, but that is... But you've been brainwashed to think that. That's not actually true. If your best friend were to be killed by someone else, to demonstrate love to your best friend, you would actually forgive that person.

And I know it's a hard idea to understand, but when we read The Divine Comedy, it'll become more obvious, okay? Okay. Any more questions, guys?

All right. So, let me explain the plan for The Divine Comedy, which we'll end the semester with, okay? So, there'll be four lectures on The Divine Comedy. So, I'll be doing a lecture every 2... All right? And then, for the other classes, we'll just be reading The Divine Comedy line by line by line. All right? Okay. All right, so we start The Divine Comedy on Friday, all right? Very good.